Abstract
Racial injustice has traditionally been observed from the viewpoint of its impact and outcomes. Subsequently, educators and policy makers have generally focused on outcomes; unequal opportunity structures, disparities in educational achievement, the school-to-prison pipeline, disproportional health indicators, incarceration rates, and harsher punishment in school and judicial systems, are just a few of the contexts by which this nation’s racialized roots can be measured for present day mistreatment and disparate outcomes for minoritized populations. As policy makers and educators look to the impact of racial injustice, a true ontological vantage would reveal the cause as well as the perpetuation of these outcomes. As the current COVID-19 pandemic continues, and with increased interest in online learning, it is vital that teachers and professors seek new pedagogy and tools to teach about racism. Our study examined whether a virtual 1-hour presentation on white humanists influences students’ understanding of racial justice. Our research demonstrates that a colonized curriculum impacts student’s outlook on the world and themselves. Inversely, when we expose students to humanists throughout history, we are able to show that white people have a legacy and responsibility to fight for racial justice. This provides students with alternative models – beyond those that perpetuate white supremacy.
References
Apple, M.W. (2004). Ideology and Curriculum (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Alexander, B. (2010). The globalization of addiction. A study in poverty of the spirit. University Press.
Bernal, D. D. (2002). Critical Race Theory, Latino Critical Theory, and Critical Raced-Gendered Epistemologies: Recognizing Students of Color as Holders and Creators of Knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800107
Brown, A. L., & Au, W. (2014). Race, memory, and master narratives: A critical essay on U.S. curriculum history. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(3), 358-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/curi.12049
Borunda, R (2012). Healing the Soul Wounds: Racial Bridging. The International Journal of Community Diversity, 12(4): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0004/CGP/v12i04/39930
Borunda, R. (2020). What is the color of your heart? (4th ed.). Kendall Hunt Publishing.
Creswell, J. W. (2005). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Sage Publishing.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
Delgado Bernal, D. D. (2002). Critical race theory, Latino critical theory, and critical raced-gendered epistemologies: Recognizing students of color as holders and creators of knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800107
DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility. Beacon Press.
Doucet, M., & Rover, M. (2010). Generational trauma, attachment, and spiritual/religious interventions. Journal of Loss and Trauma 15(2), 93-105. https://doi:10.1080/15325020903373078
DSM-V (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association.
DuBois, W.E.B. (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. A.C. McClurg & Co.
Forbes, J. (2008) Columbus and other cannibals. Seven Stories Press.
Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. Teachers College Press.
Ginsburg, M.B., & Wlodkowski, R. J. (2009). Diversity and motivation: Culturally responsive teaching in college. Jossey-Bass.
Guthrie, K. L., & McCracken, H. (2010). Teaching and learning social justice through online service-learning courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 11(3). 78-94. http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/894/1629
Hutchison, L. F., & White, C. S. (2020). Integrating culturally responsive and social justice pedagogy: A case study of an online doctorate of education degree program for instructional and professional leadership. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 20(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v20i2.2845
Kelly, J. (2005). The great mortality. HarperCollins Publishers.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2021). I’m here for the hard re-set: Post pandemic pedagogy to preserve our culture. Equity & Excellence, 54(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2020.1863883
Learning for Justice. (2021). Combating online youth radicalization. https://www.learningforjustice.org/professional-development/webinars/combating-online-youth-radicalization
Leslie, A. M., & Borunda, R. (2019). Learning from the path of our better selves. Kendall Hunt Publishing.
Leslie, A. M., & Borunda, R. (2021). Eroding white supremacy: A curricular and humanist approach to bridging the racial reality gap, International Journal of Diversity in Education 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0020/CGP/v21i01/105-117
Loewen, J. (2018). Lies my teacher told me. Touchstone.
Love, B. L. (2019). We want to do more than survive: Abolitionist teaching and the pursuit of educational freedom. Beacon Press.
McBean, T. R., & Feinberg, J. R. (2020). Critically examining virtual history curriculum. Journal of Social Studies Research 44(1), 61-76. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.csus.edu/10.1016/j.jssr.2019.08.002
Menakem, R. (2017). My grandmother’s hands. Central Recovery Press.
Merryfield, M. (2003). Like a veil: Cross-cultural experiential learning online. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 3(2), 146-171. https://citejournal.org/volume-3/issue-2-03/social-studies/like-a-veil-cross-cultural-experiential-learning-online/
Morong, G., & DesBiens, D. (2016). Culturally responsive online design: Learning at intercultural intersections. Intercultural Education, 27(5), 474-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2016.1240901
Rhodes, C. M., & Schmidt, S. W. (2018, November 1). Culturally responsive teaching in the online classroom. eLearn, (11). https://doi-org.proxy.lib.csus.edu/10.1145/3295776.3274756
Solórzano, D. G., & Delgado Bernal, D. (2001). Examining transformational resistance through a critical race and LatCrit theory Framework: Chicana and Chicano students in an urban context. Urban Education, 36(3), 308-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085901363002
Spring, J. (2018). American education. Routledge.
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score. Viking.
Watson, V. (2018). Transformative schooling: towards racial equity in education. Routledge.
Watson, V. (2020). What is a world without whiteness? In Medium open source. https://medium.com/@vajrawatson. June 1, 2020.
Woodley, X., Hernandez, C., Parra, J., & Negash, B. (2017). Celebrating difference: Best practices in culturally responsive teaching online. TechTrends, 61, 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-017-0207-z
Woodson, C. G. (1933). The mis-education of the Negro. The Associated Publishers.
Yosso, T. J. (2002). Toward a critical race curriculum. Equity & Excellence in Education, 35(2), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/713845283
Zinn, H. (1999). A people’s history of the United States. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).